Higher iron levels are associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes in pregnant women

News Hour:

New research published in Diabetologia (the journal of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes [EASD]) shows that high levels of iron biomarkers in the body are associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) in pregnant women, raising questions about routine recommendations on iron supplementation in pregnancy.  The study is by Dr Cuilin Zhang and Dr Shristi Rawal, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA and colleagues.

Iron is regarded as a double-edged sword in living systems, as both iron deficiency and excess can be harmful. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to iron deficiency and related adverse pregnancy outcomes. While a few guidelines, including those from the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, recommend screening and treatment only as necessary for iron deficiency, several other groups such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend routine iron supplementation among pregnant women. Emerging evidence has pointed to a possible link between higher iron stores and abnormal blood sugar control (including type 2 diabetes) in non-pregnant individuals.

In this new research, the authors did a case–control study of 107 GDM cases and 214 controls (matched on age, race/ethnicity, and gestational week of blood collection) within the prospective, multiracial NICHD Fetal Growth Studies-Singleton Cohort (2009-2013). The authors looked at several biomarkers of iron status, including plasma hepcidin, ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and these data were used to calculate the sTfR:ferritin ratio, which captures both cellular iron need and availability of body iron stores. These markers were longitudinally measured or calculated four times during pregnancy, twice before GDM diagnosis (gestational weeks 10–14 and 15–26), and twice afterwards  (gestational weeks 23–31 and 33–39). GDM diagnosis was ascertained from medical records based on oral glucose tolerance test results. Statistical modelling was then used to calculate the odds ratio of GDM with iron status, accounting for factors such as demographics, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and other major risk factors.

The authors found that for both hepcidin and ferritin, in the second trimester of pregnancy, those in the top 25% of levels of these markers had around a 2.5 times increased subsequent risk of developing GDM compared with those in the bottom 25%. Similar findings were observed for ferritin levels in the first trimester.

Describing the findings as biologically plausible, the authors offer various potential explanations. Iron may play a role in the development of GDM through several potential mechanisms. As a strong pro-oxidant, free iron can promote several cellular reactions that generate reactive oxygen species and increase the level of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induced from excess iron accumulation can cause damage to and death of pancreatic beta cells which produce insulin, and consequently, contribute to impaired insulin synthesis and secretion. In the liver, high iron stores may induce insulin resistance via impaired insulin signalling as well as by limiting the capacity of the liver to extract insulin.

 

 

Md. Rafiuzzaman Sifat, a CSE graduate turned into journalist, works at News Hour as a staff reporter. He has many years of experience in featured writing in different Bangladeshi newspapers. He is an active blogger, story writer and social network activist. He published a book named 'Se Amar Gopon' inEkushe boi mela Dhaka 2016. Sifat got a BSc. from Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology, Bangladesh. He also works as an Engineer at Bangla Trac Communications Ltd. As an avid traveler and a gourmet food aficionado, he is active in publishing restaurant reviews and cutting-edge articles about culinary culture.
No Comments