The arrests of several businessmen and sacking of a senior bureaucrat in southern India have highlighted the power of the so-called “sand mining mafia”, accused of damaging the coastline and destroying livelihoods of impoverished communities.
India’s main agency for investigating corruption, the Central Bureau of Investigation, this week arrested sand mining baron Shekhar Reddy and several associates after seizing large amounts of cash and gold from his home in Tamil Nadu state, reports Reuters.
Tamil Nadu’s Chief Secretary P. Rama Mohana Rao was removed from his job a day after his home was raided.
An investigation is ongoing, a state official told reporters in Chennai, without giving more details.
The arrests highlight the large amounts of money to be made from sand mining and why the industry thrives despite laws to check illegal mining, said Debi Goenka at environmental non-profit the Conservation Action Trust.
“Sand is literally worth its weight in gold in India because of the construction boom,” he said.
“There’s no shortage of laws, but no enforcement. There’s corruption at all levels. Meanwhile, coastlines are eroding, coastal settlements are disappearing and groundwater is falling.”
As the world’s fastest growing major economy expands, demand for construction materials, including sand, is increasing to build roads, airports, malls and homes.
Despite laws regulating sand mining in most states, rivers and beaches are dredged beyond safe levels. Bribing of local officials and the police is common, campaigners say.
Officials say they are doing everything they can to check the practice.
“We have a high-level monitoring committee and we conduct periodic reviews to check illicit and illegal sand mining,” said R. Palaniswamy, the state’s mining commissioner.
“We are aware there are violations; we investigate them and take appropriate action. We are doing everything in our power,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Thousands of truckloads of sand are mined every day in Tamil Nadu, which has India’s second-longest coastline.
Sand is key to the construction industry, which provides about 35 million jobs.
Sand that is mined is worth up to 450 billion rupees ($6.6 billion) annually, according to some estimates, but much of this is illegal, and its impact is serious.
Removing large amounts of sand erodes river beds and beaches, enlarges river mouths, destroys bio-diversity, and exacerbates groundwater shortages and flooding, while leading to the loss of livelihoods of coastal communities.
